1.1 The Skeletal System

1.1.1 Distinguish anatomically between the axial and appendicular skeleton. 
1.1.2 Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeleton in terms of function. 
Picture
The axial skeleton is fixed - little movement occurs
  • Skull
  • Ribs
  • Sternum
  • Vertebral Column (cervical - 7 bones, thoracic - 12 bones, lumbar - 5 bones, sacral - 5 bones (fused as one), and coccyx - 4 bones (fused as one).


The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones that are responsible for movement (includes the synovial joints) 
  • Pectoral Girdle  (scapulae and clavicles)
  • Humurus
  • Radius
  • Ulna
  • Carpals
  • Metacarpals
  • Phalanges
  • Pelvic Girdle (Ilium, Ischium and Pubis)
  • Femur
  • Patella
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Tarsals
  • Metatarsals

1.1.3 State the four types of bones
Ossification: the process of bone formation, the conversion of cartilage into bone

Long Bone
  • longer than they are wide
  • works as levers (used with bones in the arms and legs)
  • long cylindrical shaft, with enlarged ends
  • essential for movement

Short Bone
  • cube shaped bones 
  • small and compact 
  • provide strength for intricate movements 
  • carpal and tarsal bones

Flat Bone
  • have curved surfaces
  • vary from thick to thin
  • protects organs
  • allow muscle attachment
  • skull, ribs, sternum and scapula

Irregular Bone
  • all other bones that do not fall into the other categories
  • they have varied size, shape and surface area
  • include vertebral bones
1.1.4 Draw and annotate the structure of a long bone 
Picture
Need:
epiphysis,
spongy bone, 
articular cartilage, 
diaphysis, 
compact bone (outer layer), 
bone marrow, 
marrow (medullary) cavity, 
blood vessel (the red outer line) and 
periosteum.
1.1.5 Apply anatomical terminology to the location of bones
  • Anterior, front side of the body, also known as ventral.
  • Posterior, back side of the body, also known as the dorsal.
  • Distal, farthest end from the trunk or head.
  • Proximal, closest part nearest the trunk or head.
  • Inferior, below also, toward the feet.
  • Superior, above or near the head, also known as cranial.
  • Lateral, away from the midline.
  • Medial, toward the midline.
1.1.6 Outline the functions of connective tissues 
Cartilage 
  • a firm, smooth, non vascular connective tissue
  • adds protection by shock absorption
Ligament
  • connect bone to bone to form a joint
  • strong, fibrous bands of connective tissue that link bones or structures together 
  • provide stability to joints at rest and at movement 
  • some ligament prevent movement in certain directions 
Tendon
  • connect muscles to bone 
  • round band of connective tissue
  • without tendons, it would be impossible for us to move the way that we do
  • connect the muscle which enables movement to the bone which adds stability
1.1.7 Define the term joint
"A joint occurs where two or more bones articulate"
1.1.8 Distinguish between the different types of joint in relation to movement permitted
Fixed/Immovable joints
  • very stable
  • allow no observable movement 
  • bones are often joined by strong fibers called sutures (sutures of the cranium)

Cartilaginous/slightly moveable joints
  • allows slight movement: due to slight compression of cartilage
  • the ends of bones, at the joint, are covered with white pads of fibrocartilage 
  • they act as shock absorbers 

Synovial/freely movable joints
  • most common type of joints 
  • allow a wide range of movement
  • they are subdivided according to movement possibilities (1.1.10)
  • characterized by the presence of a joint capsule and cavity lined with synovial membrane (1.1.9)
1.1.9 Outline the features of a synovial joint

Articular cartilage, 
synovial membrane, 
synovial fluid, 
bursae, 
miniscus, 
ligaments, and 
articular capsule 
1.1.10 List the different types of synovial joints
Joint

Gliding Joint
between the tarsal bones and carpal bones



Hinge Joint
elbow or knee joint






Pivot Joint
Radioulnar Joint
Bottom of the skull

Condyloid Joint
Wrist joint

Saddle Joint
The thumb


Ball and Socket Joint
Shoulder joint
Hip joint
Description

Usually flat or slightly curved bones,, slide across each other 
Least amount of movement of all the synovial joints.

The articular surfaces have been fused together so that movement is only permitted in one direction
The articular surfaces are joined by strong ligaments
Movement is only allowed in one plane (extension / flexion)

Rounded surface of one bone rolls around a ring formed by bone and ligament


A ball shaped bone fits into a cup


Saddle shaped bone fits into a bone shaped like the legs
can move up and down and side to side

A sphere shaped bone fits into the rounded cavity of the other covered in cartilage to prevent friction
High range of movement 
Sporting Example

Used for bending of the wrist in a baseball hit



Extending the leg when striking a football to score a goal
Extending the arm when making a hit in boxing




Heading a football



Serving in tennis where the wrist is primarily used

Gripping a tennis racket 



Movement coming from the hip in kicking a football

1.2 The Muscular System

1.2.1 Outline the general characteristics common to muscle tissue 
Contractility - ability of muscle to shorten 
Extensibility - ability of muscle to lengthen
Elasticity - ability of muscle to return to normal size
Atrophy - the wasting away of muscle tissue 
Hypertrophy - the increase in size of muscle tissue 
Controlled by nerve stimuli - requires an impulse or recognition to initiate movement
Fed by capillaries - blood will be redistributed to muscles when they are working and require more oxygen
1.2.2 Distinguish between the different types of muscle
Skeletal - Under voluntary control, has a striated appearance. Has tendons that attach mostly to bone. Main function of this type of muscle is to move the skeleton
Cardiac - Also known as heart muscle. Also striated but under involuntary control. Contracts without you having to think about it
Smooth - Lines the walls of blood vessels and hollow organs such as the stomach and intestines. Also involuntary.
1.2.3 Annotate the structure of skeletal muscle 
Picture
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and insertion of muscles
origin: Origin is the attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone
insertion: Insertion is the attachment of a muscle tendon to a moveable bone
1.2.5 Identify the location of skeletal muscles in various regions of the body
Picture